Plant Layout

Design Facility format is a course of action of various parts of assembling in a proper way as to accomplish wanted creation results. Office design thinks about accessible space, last item, security of clients and office and comfort of tasks. A compelling office design guarantees that there is a smooth and consistent progression of creation material, gear and labor at least expense. Office format takes a gander at physical portion of room for financial movement in the plant. Thusly, principle target of the office format arranging is to structure successful work process as to make hardware and laborers increasingly gainful. Office Layout Objective A model office format ought to have the option to give a perfect connection between crude material, gear, labor and last item at negligible expense under protected and agreeable condition. A proficient and successful office design can cover following targets: * To give ideal space to sort out hardware and encourage development of products an d to make sheltered and agreeable workplace. * To advance request underway towards a solitary target * To lessen development of laborers, crude material and hardware * To advance security of plant just as its laborers To encourage augmentation or change in the design to suit new product offering or innovation upgradation * To expand creation limit of the association An association can accomplish the previously mentioned objective by guaranteeing the accompanying: * Better preparing of the laborers and administrators. * Creating mindfulness about of wellbeing risk and security principles * Optimum use of workforce and hardware * Encouraging strengthening and diminishing regulatory and other backhanded work Factors influencing Facility Layout Facility format planning and usage is affected by different factors.These factors shift from industry to industry yet impact office design. These variables are as per the following: * The structure of the office format ought to consider generally targets set by the association. * Optimum space should be dispensed for procedure and innovation. * An appropriate wellbeing measure as to stay away from incidents. * Overall administration arrangements and future bearing of the association Design of Facility Layout Principles which drive structure of the office format need to take into the thought target of office design, factors impacting office format and imperatives of office layout.These standards are as per the following: * Flexibility: Facility design ought to give adaptability to development or adjustment. * Space Utilization: Optimum space use decreases the time in material and individuals development and advances security. * Capital: Capital speculation ought to be insignificant while settling various models of office format. Plan Layout Techniques There are three strategies of structure format, and they are as per the following: 1. A few Dimensional Templates: This method uses advancement of a downsized model dependent o n endorsed drawings. . Grouping Analysis: This strategy uses PC innovation in planning the office format by sequencing out all exercises and afterward orchestrating them in roundabout or in an orderly fashion. 3. Line Balancing: This sort of strategy is utilized for sequential construction system. Kinds of Facility Layout There are six sorts of office design, and they are as per the following: * Line Layout * Functional Layout * Fixed Position Layout * Cellular Technology Layout * Combined Layout, and * Computerized Relative Allocation of Facility Technique

Leadership Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Administration Theories - Essay Example ing and examining nature, instructing individuals working under him, making ordinary contribution to crafted by subordinates, and overseeing exercises (Hackman and Wageman, 2005). Value-based hypothesis contends that a pioneer ought to have force and formal position which is utilized to control, reward, and rebuff representatives. Authority is viewed as a give and take among pioneer and his subordinates. This hypothesis requires a pioneer to ensure that representatives are roused enough to perform at their most elevated potential. Transformational hypothesis is centered more around getting representatives and approaching them with deference so as to accomplish great outcomes. This hypothesis doesn't consider administration to be simply an exchange between two gatherings however substantially more than that. This hypothesis contends that a leader’s work is to make a domain that is doable for work and in which representatives can cooperate like an all around oiled machine. A pioneer attempts to build up this condition and afterward the rest is finished by representatives. Possibility hypothesis takes on an alternate view and contends that powerful initiative is intensely subject to factors like condition and innovation (Woodward, 1958). A decent pioneer needs to assess nature and settle on choices in like manner. As indicated by this hypothesis, there is no set framework that a decent pioneer can follow rather the person needs to choose distinctively dependent upon the situation. The hypothesis that best layouts powerful initiative in an association is the transformational administration hypothesis. This hypothesis calls for propelling workers and giving them force and autonomy. This hypothesis offers significance to subordinates and perspectives them as resources. This is the reason transformational hypothesis of initiative is the best and can help cultivate viable administration in an

Medication-Induced OCD Behavior

Substance/Medication-Induced OCD Behavior OCD Causes Print Substance/Medication-Induced OCD By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 11, 2019 Atsushi Yamada/Getty Images More in OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Substance/medication-induced obsessive compulsive disorder is the diagnostic name for drug-induced OCD. Obsessive-compulsive behavior is a group of seemingly uncontrollable and repetitive behaviors that are driven by obsessions. Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, urges or images that intrude on an individuals consciousness. They are associated with compulsive behaviors which are actions that the person feels compelled to carry out often in response to, and in an effort to control an obsession. These behaviors can be body-focused, for example, picking at ones own skin, or pulling out ones own hairs. Obsessions and compulsions can occur on their own or in combination and can be part of several different obsessive compulsive disorders, of which substance-induced OCD is just one. Unlike the transient feelings and intrusive thoughts that everyone experiences from time to time, especially during times of stress, or the occasional habitual behaviors we also all engage in from time to time, substance-induced obsessive compulsive disorder is considerably worse and more difficult for the individual to control. Although substance-induced OCD is rare, the consequences can be severe. The compulsions rarely have any realistic connection to the obsessions they are designed to neutralize or prevent. Rather, they form a ritualistic behavior that is designed to reduce anxiety but ultimately worsen the overall condition. And while some people with obsessive compulsive disorders are aware that the beliefs that are part of their obsessions are probably not true, some are less certain, and others are convinced that they actually are true, to the point where their beliefs are delusions. When physicians or psychologists give a diagnosis of substance/medication-induced obsessive compulsive disorder, they check to make sure that the obsessions or compulsions were not there before the use of the drug thought to be responsible. This is because there are different types of obsessive compulsive disorders, and if the symptoms were there before the substance use, it probably isnt the substance/medication-induced type of OCD. How Soon After Taking the Drug Can OCD Be Induced? In some cases, almost immediately. There is even a category with onset during intoxication, which means that the obsessive compulsive episode actually begins when the individual is high on the drug. It can also occur during withdrawal, during which severe mental problems are common. It is important that the person receives ongoing assessment as they move through the detox process, to ensure they are properly diagnosed and treated if symptoms persist. Generally, the diagnosis isnt given if the person has a history of obsessive compulsive disorder without substance use, or if the symptoms continue for more than a month after the person becomes abstinent from the drug. Obsessive compulsive behaviors can sometimes be part of delirium, which can also be substance-induced. If this is the only time that the symptoms are experienced, then the diagnosis of Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is not usually given. Finally, for the diagnosis of Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder to be given, there has to be some sort of significant impact that the obsessive compulsive behavior is having on the persons life, either by causing a great deal of distress, or by impairing some aspect of their life, such as their social life, their employment situation, or another part of their life that is important to them. Drugs That Can Cause the Condition Unlike many other substance- or medication-induced disorders, the number of substances that are recognized as causing obsessive compulsive is quite limited. They include: Amphetamine-induced obsessive compulsive disorderOther stimulant-induced obsessive compulsive disorderCocaine-induced obsessive compulsive disorderOther substance-induced obsessive compulsive disorderUnknown substance-induced obsessive compulsive disorder

Essay Impacts Of An Energy Plan - 945 Words

Impacts of an Energy Plan Juanita Stanberry SCI/275 Suzette Mackenzie March 26, 2015 My dearest great-great grand-children: The finding of this letter explaining the best option for a long-term energy sustainability plan is no accident, and if you have opened a time capsule as directed, this letter is one hundred years old and the year is two thousand and fifteen (2015). The nation’s current energy situation is in bad shape. We have nearly depleted the planets resources of fossil fuels that are non-renewable. Energy4Me.org defines nonrenewable resources as are energy sources like petroleum, propane, natural gas, coal and nuclear power. These resources have taken millions of years to produce and cannot rejuvenate in shorter lengths†¦show more content†¦Human health is personally affected, and it creates serious risks for all other organisms too. The ways that I have been personally affected by the use of nonrenewable fossil fuels is by the emissions of different gases into the atmosphere and having breathed them in over the last eighty-five years. I have contracted asthma and chronic bronchitis from the poor air quality. I have developed a sustainability plan that I believe will continue to flourish productively for the remainder of our generation. I am holding on to the hope that by the very time the following family generations have arrived, there will be an efficient renewable energy resource to replace my nonrenewable energy resource and maintain necessary sustainability. I plan to use natural gas as the primary form of energy because it is the cleanest of the fossil fuels. In this year of two thousand and fifteen, there are many renewable resources to choose from and utilize, but at the moment they are not efficient enough to produce the amount of energy necessary in conjunction with low consumer cost to proficiently run the entire city. The natural gas produces more than enough power to maintain the city so that now we can sell our extra energy to other communities instead of purchasing it from them. One weakness with the use of natural gas in the sustainability plan that I am aware of is the contaminants going into theShow MoreRelatedImpacts of an Energy Plan933 Words   |  4 PagesImpacts of an Energy Resource Plan Holly Regan SCI/275 September 14, 2014 Stacy Murphy Impacts of an Energy Resource Plan My dearest great-great grand-children: The finding of this letter explaining the best option for a long-term energy sustainability plan is no accident, and if you have opened a time capsule as directed, this letter is one hundred years old and the year is two-thousand and fourteen (2014). The nation’s current energy situation is in bad shape. We have nearly depletedRead MoreAdasdasda754 Words   |  4 Pagesrequires teaching and learning methods that can motivate and... Save Paper Travel And Tourism Bussiness Plan Business plan: As a part of Travel Tourism AS course we had to organize a trip.From the first day we were a group of five persons.However,due to some... 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According to the Webster Dictionary (2009), energy is defined as just being active. If that is truly the case, then anytime we are doing anything we are being active and using up energy. Shouldnt we try to conserve more energy if that is the case? AccordingRead MoreEssay on Energy Planning Proposal1093 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: ENERGY PLANNING PROPOSAL 1 Alternative Energy Planning Proposal NAME SCI/362 July 15, 2013 PROFESSOR NAME Alternative Energy Plan Proposal 2 Energy Planning Proposal Project: Alternative Energy Organization: City of Seattle, Washington Requestor/Sponsor: MAYORS NAME City of Seattle Mayor Description of Request: Develop and implement an Alternative Energy Plan for City of Seattle. The potential stakeholders include small business owners, Fortune 500 companies includingRead MoreHistory Of International Paper Company1112 Words   |  5 Pagesand to lessen their impact on the environment. 3. Sustainability Goals As part of its 2020 goals, International Paper is committing to making quality products while at the same time ensuring responsible stewardship of the forests that supply our wood and lowering waste and emissions that cause pollutants to our landfills, water and air. Part of its vision is to manage its footprint upon society and resources. Its manufacturing process needs resources such as water and energy to make its productsRead MoreTempe City Council Meeting Analysis1134 Words   |  5 PagesTempe City Council Meeting Analysis Every single General Plan is a document with the main purpose of guiding the development of a community. It is important because it will stimulate the public participation in the process of planning in the city and promote public health, safety and welfare. Usually, this plan has the range of around 20 years (Levy, 2011), but the City of Tempe General Plan has the more audacious range time of 30 years. 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Essay about Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates - 2151 Words

Divorce laws in the United States are significantly more lenient today than they were many years ago, especially during that of the WWII era. A marriage defined by Merriam-Webster is a legally sanctioned contract between a man and a woman to be together for life. This definition is not so far from that of the religious definition of marriage. From a religious stand point, however depending on your specific religion, marriage is meant to be a union of a forever relationship even through eternity. Though both the dictionary and religious definitions of a marriage seem similar enough and straight forward enough to understand for those who are willing to take that forever leap into an eternal bond there are those who depend on the easier†¦show more content†¦The government needs to make changes to the Divorce Act if there is ever going to be a change in the high divorce rate that is so clearly evident in our society. There is no disputing it the evidence is clear that obtaining a divorce in today’s world is by far made more easy than that of historical times, however that doesn’t mean marriages mean any less now then they did then, they are just able to be more clearly analyzed and fit to wants and needs instead of necessity. A divorce can be obtained as easily as a driver’s license depending on the type and couple involved. The Divorce laws in many states, including my native state of Indiana make it as simple as printing off your own forms, signing it and turning it in for a fee. Not only has divorce become easier just in Indiana but in the country as a whole. It can be as simple as printing off a form, signing, dating and turning it like it was one big research paper from start to finish. Over the years divorce has been easier to obtain. According to the Huffington Post the commonality of divorce was low until after WWII. Also known was that up until the time of that war the United States had one of the lowest divorce rates in t he Western World. A common belief of why the United States had such a low divorce rate was because it was seen as socially unacceptable, aShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Law Changes on the Growth of Divorce Rate Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effect of Law Changes on the Growth of Divorce Rate Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage. There is no doubt that divorce is much more common, becoming a norm almost. If present trends continue, it is estimated that 1 in 3 marriages will end in divorce, but is it the alteration in the legal grounds that is causing this trend? In this essay I will look at the other aspects that could be the foundation for the growth of divorce and state which I think is Read MoreThe Divorce Rate Of America959 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce Rate Throughout time, practices that were once never used, become more common. In the 1600s divorce was a forbidden practice or a last resort. Since then, laws have changed, and so hasn’t the stigma related with divorce. The guilt and fault that divorce once carried has vanished. According to the book Should I Keep Trying to Work it out, â€Å"In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages will end in divorce or permanent separation. The risk of divorce is evenRead MoreDivorce Is Not A New Nor A Fading Trend1034 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce is not a new nor a fading trend. Since the time of Moses and through the centuries divorce has been a topic of discussion and something sought after by those in an unhappy marriage. Divorce has always been around, but not nearly as much as the last century. In America data has recorded the divorce rate since the mid-880s. The data acquired over the years concludes that divorce went from being a social ta boo to a trend among friends, effecting the social views on divorce itself, marriage,Read MoreThe Rise in Divorce Rate Essay examples925 Words   |  4 PagesThe sanctity of marriage has seemed to have disappeared with the arrival of the 21st century. Though marriage rates have always fluctuated in the past, current events have caused divorce rates to increase. According to recent statistics made by the census bureau, the divorce rate in America is roughly 50 percent. There are a myriad of speculations as to why more people are not staying together. One reason is that people are getting married for the wrong reasons, such as unplanned pregnanciesRead MorePost World War II Women991 Words   |  4 PagesMy family’s history demonstrates the rarity of divorce and separation. However, the emergence of divorce perpetuated years to follow, infringing upon social norms promoting controversy. Fortunately, Canada introduced new reforms to minimize economic hardship for single families, such as welfare. Thus, prior to the 1920’s single families were very uncommon however post Word War II, there were many factors that increased this such as; high mortality rate in the war, job demands away from the home, socialRead MoreMarital Breakdown and Divorce Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Marital Breakdown and Divorce Over the last 40 years, sociological research has provided statistics suggesting a significant increase in the number of marriages ending in divorce. In this essay I aim to justify this increase and explain why statistics may give a misleading picture. The way I have decided to structure this essay is firstly to look at a brief history of the laws governing divorce over the last century, then to discuss the statistics and finally to concludeRead More Divorce in China Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesDivorce in China Impact of socio-economic changes on the divorce in China China has been undergoing number of social and economic changes throughout its communist history. There is no doubt that these socio-economic changes have influenced the society both positively and negatively. The most two significant changes of all would be the Cultural Revolution which took place during 1960s and the economic transition to the market economy, which has been in effect since 1980s. In this research paperRead MoreShould Reforms Laws Makef It Harder for a Divorce? Essay877 Words   |  4 Pages In the old days, it was so hard to get a legal divorce even if couples were unhappy. Courts would not dissolve a marriage without proof of misconduct. Today marriage educators, domestic violence experts, social workers, law makers and scholars are trying various ways to resolve marriage crisis through counseling, while divorce rates are still climbing yearly. Making it harder to obtain a divorce can have devastating effects long term emotionally, financially and physically , and socially onRead MoreDivorce Rate And Divorce Rates1224 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce rate also known as divorce demography, which is the study of demographic factors that impact divorced as a social phenomenon, the divorce demography can clearly evaluate and reflect the marriage stability and happiness index of certain countries or area and that is the reason why data statistics of divorce rate is important. According to ONS (Office of National Statistics), the divorce rate has not been that low since 1974, when it was 0.9%. The number of divorces in 2014 was declined toRead MoreChanging Divorce Laws Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesChanging Divorce Laws In 1995, Statistics Canada data shows that 30% of marriages split (McGovern). Since the 1960’s, marriage and divorce have been undergoing profound changes which have altered the meaning of marriage, the chances of its ending in divorce and the circumstances attached to marriage. These changes have made it easier for couples to obtain a divorce due to the changing laws and changing morals of society. The changes include three new grounds needed to prove marital breakdown

Demand and Supply Curves Free Essays

We have a certain commodity, `pure Malaysia Laptop’, whose market we are going to analyze. Assume that exogenous (external) forces are equal in magnitude, while supply–demand curves are unitary elastic. Given a certain event/scenario, (a) analyze the curve/s affected, shifts or movements and the direction, and (b) effect to equilibrium price (P*) and equilibrium quantity (Q*) Scenario 1 a. We will write a custom essay sample on Demand and Supply Curves or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prices of optical drives suddenly increase The production cost has increased so the supply decreases and eventually the price go up. The supply curve shifts to the left. b. A new market-standard operating system is released to the market but costs at least 50% higher than the previous edition This issue is considered another production cost so the supply curve shifts to the left. The supply decreases and price goes up. c. News spread that local laptops were contaminated with melamine Demand decreases because people buy less due to the news so the demand curve shifts to the left and the Q and P both decrease. d. Video chatting and internet-on-the-go become fad New technology makes people buy more of the product so demand increases and as a consequence the demand curve shifts to the right and price and quantity both increases. Scenario 2 a. China laptop manufacturers were permitted to enter the Malaysian market Cheaper products attract consumers, so the demand for our product decreases. The shift in the demand curve goes to left and the P and Q both decreases. b. Average desktop computer prices have plunged to all-time lows If desktop computers become cheaper the demand for laptops decreases so the demand curve shifts to left and eventually the P and Q decrease. c. New taxes were imposed to laptops sales (per unit tax) Imposing new taxes to laptops is additional cost for the production. so it affects the supply and the supply curve shifts to left. so the P increases and Q decreases. d. A recession/economic downturn cause the income of consumers to decline and cause the prices of laptop parts to increase When consumer’s income decreases, the demand goes down and the demand curve shifts to the left. On the other hand the prices of laptop parts increases and that makes the production costs to increase so the supply decrease and the supply curve shifts to left. So the quantity decreases while we have an ambiguous equilibrium price. Scenario 3 a. Biggest local laptop manufacturer suddenly become bankrupt and the government gives subsidy to consumers to purchase `educational and computer-literacy’ related goods By the biggest local laptop manufacturer going bankrupt, our company’s supply goes up and eventually the price goes up. The demand curve shifts to the left. So the Q decreases. b. New production techniques were adopted by local laptop manufacturer and prices of inputs in the production of desktop computer decline significantly When the prices for laptops decease the demand goes up and as a consequence the demand curve shifts to the right so the price and quantity increase. How to cite Demand and Supply Curves, Essay examples

The Impact of the Protestant Reformation in Europe

Question: Discuss about theImpact of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. Answer: Introduction: The Impact of the Protestant Reformation in Europe TheProtestant Reformationwas a significant movement in the 16th century Europe that was aimed initially at reforming the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation changed Europe through three ways, namely education, disintegration from the papacy, and religious pluralism. Protestant Reformation and Education At the time when Reformation was taking place in Europe, the Protestant educators institutionalized the places of learning such as universities and schools for their population (Androne, 2014). In addition, they also enforced the humanistic learning methods to the wider public as opposed to the previous scenario where such schools were accessible only to the wealthy merchants and the nobility class. According to Luther, all the children were eligible to free education offered by the state. The main reason why the Protestants fostered free education to the wider public is that it was necessary to have a literate populace who would be in a position of reading the Bible independently rather than relying on the clergy. The Swiss Protestant Reformers such as John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli held the same position concerning the need to empower their believers in Geneva to read the Bible more independently. Some of the acquired pedagogical skills include the knowledge of the Swiss constitution and history, oral and written mathematics, essay writing, and reading (Kadi, 2014). The result is that the Protestant population did not only excel in their reading abilities but also in other cognitive skills. The progress of education in among the European nations at the time of Reformation could not be compared to the Catholic decades where the congregations were not allowed to read the Bible on their own. Moreover, the subjects did not have any properly developed cognitive skills such as adequate understanding of the constitution due to lack of access to education. The reason for such a concern is that education and cognitive development was only meant for the children of the wealthy and noble class in the society. Protestant Reformation and Religious Pluralism Other than education, the inception and spread of Protestantism in Europe also led to the introduction of Religious Pluralism. The idea of religious unity was destroyed in Western Europe by the introduction of the concept of independence and individualism among those professing the Christian faith (Johnston, 2014). In the mid 16th century, Europe was divided into the Catholic and Protestant territories. Later on, the Protestant territories were again split up into Calvinism, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism. More Reformation was experienced during this period in regions such as Eastern Europe, Germany, England, and France. To counter the achievements and progress of the work of Reformation by the Protestants, the Catholic community initiated a campaign dubbed Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation. The result is that Protestant Reformation destroyed the elements of Catholicism monopoly long established in Europe before the advent of Reformation of the church by Martin Luther and John Calvin among other key personalities of the Reformation era (Kranz, 2014). With the emergence of Reformation in Eastern and Western Europe, the believers broke up from the universal ideology of religion that undertook to emphasize the plurality of profession of faith among Christians. During this period, Luther put forward theses propositions that were divergent from the belief held by the Catholics about the indulgences (GonzaÃÅ' lez, 2010). The Catholics believed in selling of the indulgences for raising money. A Swiss Reformer called as Huldreich Zwingli further echoed the same sentiments denouncing the significance of the indulgences. As a result, the congregations became more independent and autonomous in matters of faith. In addition, the Protestant believers laid emphasized on salvation being acquired by grace alone through faith alone (not works as the Catholic community confessed). Protestant Reformation and Disintegration from Papacy influence. The papal influence in the English affairs led to frustrations among the political leaders and the population. With the advent of Protestant Reformation in Europe, the people of England under the monarch of the Tudor era, Henry VIII, dissociated from the influence imposed upon them by the Pope and the Church of Rome (Berman, 2006). There are several events that led to the pullout of England from the papal monopoly and incumbency. The major event, however, that resulted in this freedom was the need for Henry VIII to sire an heir to the Tudor dynasty. Henry VIII sought a divorce from the Pope to replace his wife, Catherine, with Anne. However, the pope declined to grant this permission allowing him to annul his first marriage. Determined to get an heir, Henry VIII sought an official separation from the pope and the Church of Rome that prohibited divorce. Consequently, Henry VIII pronounced himself the leader of the English church and later on married Anne upon repealing his marriage wi th Catherine. The separation from the papal influence not only brought religious and political liberty but also led to economic and social freedom. The events resulted in the ventilation of more independence among the English Protestant believers. For instance, the Protestant believers denounced unbiblical ordinances and liturgies that constituted the fulcrum of Catholicism. In Geneva, John Calvin introduced the ecclesiastical ordinances that helped in instilling moral discipline among the believers (GonzaÃÅ' lez, 2010). In addition, the Reformed masses were characterized by the emergence of a liturgy that consisted of sermons, prayer, and scripture readings. Furthermore, the era was marked by the abolition of music that was viewed by the Reformed Protestants as a distraction to the word of the Lord. In conclusion, the impact of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was significant, especially during the 16th century. The need to gain independence and autonomy in Bible reading led to the introduction of education among the ordinary citizen. It also resulted in religious pluralism and the disintegration of papacy influence in Europe, specifically in England. References Androne, M. (2014). The Influence of the Protestant Reformation on Education.Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences,137, 80-87. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.256 Berman, H. (2006).Law and revolution, II. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. GonzaÃÅ' lez, J. (2010).A history of Christian thought(2nd ed.). Abingdon Press. Johnston, A. (2014).The Protestant Reformation in Europe(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Kadi, F. (2014). The European Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation and Its Influence on the Birth of Albanian Literature.Journal Of Educational And Social Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n4p388 Kranz, N. (2014). Martin Luther Stands in History as a Leader of the Protestant Reformation.Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato,5(1), 13.

No Paper Essay Example

No Paper Essay Conflict and NegotiationOB in the Movies BUSM 2200 Team 7 An Analysis of Organizational Development and The Devil Wears Prada 11/16/2010 Leadership Power, Politics and Ethics Contents Leadership5 Is Miranda Priestly and effective Leader? What is her overall leadership STYLE? 5 Miranda Priestly and power9 Miranda’s Power Base – Measuring Bases of power9 COERSIVE10 Reward10 Legitimate10 Expert10 Andys response to Miranda’s Power Base runs through all 3 general areas relating to power11 Commitment11 compliance11 resistance11 Mirandas abuse of power and workplace bullying12 mirandas political activity13 Mirandas Influence tactics include: Pressure and legitimacy, rational persuasion13 Pressure13 legitimacy13 rational persuasion13 Miranda uses several forms of political activity – Blaming others, Associating with influential people and building coalitions14 Blaming others14 building coalitions14 Miranda Priestly and Ethics14 Plot Summary for The Devil Wears Prada (2006) In New York, the simple and naive just-graduated in journalism Andrea Sachs is hired to work as the second assistant of the powerful and sophisticated Miranda Priestly, the ruthless and merciless executive of the Runway fashion magazine. Andrea dreams to become a journalist and faces the opportunity as a temporary professional challenge. The first assistant Emily advises Andrea about the behaviour and preferences of their cruel boss, and the stylist Nigel helps Andrea to dress more adequately for the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on No Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on No Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on No Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Andrea changes her attitude and behaviour, affecting her private life and the relationship with her boyfriend Nate, her family and friends. In the end, Andrea learns that life is made of choices. The story tells the professional adventure of Andrea, whose greatest dream is to become a journalist. Andrea gets a job in the fashion industry through Runway magazine, the most famous of its type, to make ends meet. But Andrea wont develop her writing skills in the magazine, but her talents as the editor in chiefs assistant, Miranda. The problem is that Miranda is a merciless, posh and cruel woman, making the experience a living hell for the girl. The environment in the place will be cold and extremely critical with the physical appearance. The girl will have to change her simple and plain style, for a more trendy and elegant one, in order to gain the acceptance of her ruthless boss and colleagues, especially Emily, her unpleasant workmate. Despite everything against Andrea in the office, she will consider the experience as a challenge, drastically changing her clothes and self-image, with the help of Nigel, the magazines art director. Nevertheless, the job becomes extremely demanding, because of Mirandas tough work rhythm and nearly impossible tasks, leaving Andrea without a private life with her boyfriend, family and friends. Maybe the old Andrea has gone, now more preoccupied about her image and her future in the magazine Miranda Priestley, of Runway magazine tears up the landscape as a demanding fashion editor. She is a terror to everyone who is around her as is quickly depicted in the opening scenes of the movie. Her first assistant strives to please her and tries to emulate her, but one can sense that she s not quite as hard as she tries to put on. Into this mix comes a young woman who knows nothing of the fashion industry, has never read the magazine, and doesnt know who Miranda Priestley is. She only sees this as a stepping stone to another journalism position. Showing no fashion sense and immediately scorned by everyone, Miranda nonetheless hires her as the second assistant. When Miranda demands that she o btain the next unpublished Harry Potter manuscript, you can sense that she is trying to force her to quit, but it makes the young woman dig in to please her boss. With the help of one of the magazines fashion editors; she gets a complete makeover and a new security. However, with her new appearance and the demands placed on her, she starts to lose her friends, family and her live-in boy friend. As she is whisked away to Paris leaving Emily behin, Miranda and andrea faces all of the glamour that could be hers, including a flashy if not artificial freelance journalist, she is forced to make the decision of where she wants to be in her life. hen Miranda does a terrible thing by not giving the ceo position to nigel who deserved it she puts jaqueline (her competition for her job) andrea decided she doesnt want to be like Miranda and walks away Analysis of Conflict the Devil Wears Prada Conflict is defined as a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something the first person cares about Miranda is the editor and editor and chief of runway magazine she is the hard he aded, powerful, rude, Dysfunctional conflict Miranda is always concerned with herself and not her employies. Group improvement is something Miranda doesn’t care about which causes conflict within the organization. This is not always bad because it makes andrea get everything together and fast Communication-source conflict Lack of communication is a lare cause of the conflict in this movie. Miranda tells her employees what to do instead of communicating with them to find our issues and solve problems. Mirandas leadership which is veru abrasive caused employees to feel undermines and useless, this causes low self esteem, fear and panic Conflict management strategies There is little problem sovling in the movie Miranda just wants everything done her way and doesn’t help andrea when shes been given 100 tasks to do in such little time. Shes using the forcing teachnique to get all her employees to do her tasks and they comply because of their fear of Miranda Andrea uses the avoidance technique towards Miranda as well as the employees as they run away when Miranda is coming into the room. Resolving personality conflicts There are many problems here there is not attempt on anyones part trying to manage conflict. Nor is the much compromise within the company. Andrea uses the avoidance technique and just does what ever Miranda says even if they are impossible like getting her the manuscript for harry potter in 3 days plus another list of all tasks that must be done or shes fired. Andrea also usues yielding because she puts Mirandas needs before her own and starts to change as a person avoiding her other responabilities to her friends and boyfriend (missing/forgetting his birthday) Miranda, andrea and Emily both have personality conflicts with eachother. There are misunderstandings, blaming other for mistakes (Miranda blames andrea for a flight she didn’t get to on time) Andreas low self esteem causes personal conlict with herself , who she is and what her priorities are. Theres also come conflict when andreas is sent to parris instead of Emily. Emily is hurt and mad and andreas did exactly what Miranda did to others. Analysis of Leadership and the Devil Wears Prada Leadership Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future and then align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles ffective leadership is the key factor of an enterprise’s success Is Miranda Priestly and effective Leader? What is her overall leadership STYLE? These are two questions that we set out to answer in this analysis. Leading is one function of management and effective leadership is the key factor of an enterprise’s success. Leadership is an ability that can influence individuals, groups or or ganizations to realize the already decided target, so to some degree it can be thought that leadership is an ability owned by one leader. Leadership can be expressed and spread through different ways by different people, because it is the different features and characteristics of one person that determine the leadership of him or her. In this film, the leadership of the two main actresses who are Miranda Priestly and Andy Sachs is different. Miranda is absolutely strict and always emphasizes the last results but never takes care of the hard-working process of her employees and never understands well the thinking of her staff because she always what she wants is just what the others want, which is one important reason that Andy leaves her at last. Andy is different from Miranda. She is kind, keen and careful to everyone, and she always can think over some issues in others’ point and position. The most fascinating feature of Andy is that she knows what is she really needs, so she decides to take away from Miranda smartly finally. Although there are so many differences between Andy and Miranda, there are still some features of them in common. To some degree, both Andy and Miranda are effective and successful leaders, and the most common characteristics of them are competent, hard-working and responsible, which are all the most important factors of effective and successful leadership. There are four main factors of leadership, which are leader, follower, situation and communication. The different characteristics of one person and the different group of these four factors can form different leadership style, and different leadership style applies to different conditions and different people. For example, a new employee requires more supervision than an experienced one and a person who lacks of motivation need a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. So in fact, it needs different leadership style, maybe the style of Miranda and maybe the style of Andy. The effective and successful leadership is not absolutely decided by nature, and can be learned and obtained through the hard working, for example, Andy in this film. When she firstly came into the Subway, she felt uncomfortable and stupid, but after her continuous learning and hard working, she became talent and competent and can make impossible missions possible. With the new working group – team becoming popular, another important point should be remembered that in the new century, an effective team leader is needed, so the team leadership should be learned by leaders. The roles of team leader include liaisons with external constituencies, trouble shooter and conflict managers and couches. After thinking over this film, some meaningful suggestions can be drawn about how to make effective and successful leadership for a leader. First, it needs leaders learn continuously in order to improve the leadership, especially the team leadership, and can carry different leadership style according to different situations and different people. Second, put the communication between you and employees on agenda not like Miranda, because the success of your leadership is based on the excellent execution of your followers, so the communication between you is necessary. Thirdly, because the difference in the promotion of male leaders and female leaders exists, so they should carry different leadership properly. At last, leaders should make clear that transactional leadership is different transformational leadership, and use them clearly. Analysis of Power, politics and ethics in the Devil Wears Prada Miranda Priestly and power Power refers to the capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. Miranda’s Power Base – Measuring Bases of power Miranda’s power base is far reaching, coercive, reward, legitimate, expert but not really information or referent. Her high performance company runway is the highest industry competitor. The industry provies millions of people with work as she would say and â€Å"the close your wearing were chosen for you by the vary people in this room† she is saying that andreas bad taste in clothing and how she has no care in the world for fashion the garmet she’s wearing was a huge fashion stage years ago She is very authoritarian, aggressive, picky and harsh. Typical examples shown in her speech are, your incompetence does not interest me (6’34), I couldn’t have been clearer (15’58),Please bore someone else with your question (16’17) and this is your responsibility, this is your job (30’01). Miranda often asks her subordinates to do what is impossible to do, like helping her to get a jet during a hurricane and finding the unpublished Harry Potter manuscript for her daughters. She also usually gives directives and uses explicit forms in Commenting or complaining about others. Her words are caustic. COERSIVE Coercive power is power that is based on fear. This is pretty obvious during the entire film as Miranda, along with her reputation is known as the dragon lady†¦.. she uses fear and the fear of firing andrea if she makes a simple mistake or doesn’t meet a dealine She tells andrea to get a copy of the 1 manuscript from jk rowling herself (impossible) and mentions don’t bother showing up tomorrow if you cant get them Reward Reward power is based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. An ongoing line in the movie is â€Å"A million girls would kill to get this job†, if you work at Runway for a year you could get any job in New York that you want. Legitimate Legitimate Power is the power associated with ones position and represents the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. Miranda is at the top of her game in fashion as the editor and chief at the centre of one of the most influential fashion magazines in the world in one of the worlds fashion capitals her legitimate power is very pronounced. Expert Expert power is influence that is based on expertise, special skills or knowledge Being that Miranda Priestly chooses all of the designers that appear in Runway magazine as well as the layout and content and the fact that throughout the movie she is THE authority on all things fashion it goes without saying that her expert power is well defined and recognized. She is very powerful in the industry and her field and it a high profile organization At the end of the movie Miranda starts to show weekness, talking to andrea, crying about her divorce and shows that as powerful as she is she has another side to her most people will never see Andys response to Miranda’s Power Base runs through all 3 general areas relating to power Commitment Andy is initially enthusiastic with her position at runway and shows initiative and persistence in carrying out the sometimes (almost) impossible tasks assigned to her by Miranda Priestly. She shows that she has no self esteem and just follows what ever Miranda says Examples of this include her walking the dog, getting coffee and are dramatically pointed out with her obtaining the unreleased manuscript for the new Harry Potter for Miranda’s young twin girls, along with boogey boards, fip flops, coffee, dresses from calvin kline compliance As her job at Runway takes it’s begins to negatively affect her personal relationships with friends and ultimately the separation of her and her boyfriend. Andy begins to reevaluate her values and how they relate to her job – â€Å"has she compromised her beliefs and is the price to high to pay for this job† Andy continues to carry out her duties at Runway and even changes her appearance to match the company culture at Runway even though she is questioning her choices resistance Resistance to power is carried out by vocal opposition to a request, avoidance, and refusal or with stalling or arguing. This form of response from Andy takes place towards the end of the movie and is a turning point for Andy. She has lost her boyfriend, alienated her friends and has just been told by Miranda that in order to become successful (like her) you have to make choices and sacrifices. Andy protests the choices that Miranda has made that have negatively affected Nigel, her most dedicated employee. When Miranda says that Andy is the same as her, Andy decides to resist by getting out of the limousine throwing her cell phone into a fountain and going back to her boyfriend. Mirandas abuse of power and workplace bullying Andy Sachs is competent and confident in the films early scenes, but she quickly dissolves into a lap dog when confronted with her the magisterial bullying demands of her boss bully and the first assistant. She fetches the coffee, only to be told: Pour it out. I dont want it. She works late, because Priestly expects her to, and she accedes to everything asked of her, including giving up her personal life. Priestly never thanks Sachs for her effort or recognizes her ability. Instead, she deliberately and knowingly criticizes her assistants appearance and performance at every turn. Like many targets, Andy possesses two characteristics: * She has a desire to cooperate, and * She has a non-confronting interpersonal style. While these characteristics may signal a quiet confidence, the bully sees these as evidence that the target will be easy to control and unlikely to fight back. If targets find themselves in this position, they have to educate themselves about the ways of workplace bullying and take control. The boss bullys biggest weapon is the targets denial, the person who says, I should be better. I have to try harder. Bully bosses always undermine their targets; no matter how hard the target tries. Once the target identifies the bully for what she is, however, the target can begin to assert her own power. she Miranda shows throughout the movies she constantly doesn’t care ( calling andrea Emily) she acts as though her employees are beneath her. mirandas political activity Mirandas Influence tactics include: Pressure and legitimacy, rational persuasion Pressure Pressure tactics use demands, threats and reminders to get someone to do something Evidence of pressure as an influence tactic in The Devil Wears Prada is widespread – from the overwhelming anxiety that is rampant in the office during the call out that she is â€Å"on her way up† to the ultimatum that Miranda gives to Andy to accept the trip to Paris for fashion week that her coworker is suppose to have or be fired – essentially stabbing her colleague in the back. egitimacy Legitimacy tactics are used by those who claim the authority or right to make a request showing that it supports organizational goals or policies. Miranda’s legitimacy tactics are evident in her interactions at the fashion event of the year in Paris for Fashion Week. Miranda uses several forms of political activity – Blaming others, Associating with influential people and building Miranda Pr iestly and Ethics Miranda quickly established her role as the ‘Master’ over her ‘Slave’ employees. She lived, ate, and breathed her career. Work and life had merged into one unified and indivisible whole. She expected everyone to have the same devotion to Runway Magazine. Employee’s time with family and friends was an expendable commodity, a frill. * Miranda refused to address her new assistant Andy (Anne Hathaway) by her proper name, and substituted the name of her other assistant. * She demanded that Andy be on call 24/7 (without adequate compensation) * She gave a long list of demands without allowing any questions and expected employees to know the details of each task, but did not provide any training. She sent Andy on multiple errands, without clear instructions, and an impossibly short time-frame under threat of being fired if she did not deliver. * She insulted her intelligence and mocked her style of dress, publicly and privately * She forbade any employees from riding in the elevator with her, which further underlined a Master/Slave relationship. * She bullies all the time throwing her bags at andy and e xpecting anything and everything

Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Example

Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Example Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Controversial Speech- Eliza Froemel Should Sex Ed be taught in school? Intro: I remember when I was in 5th grade in Hayward Intermediate School in Mrs. Helander’s class. We learned songs that helped us remember The Preamble of the Constitution, and songs that helped us remember that before a bill became affective it was sent to Capitol Hill to be approved or vetoed. I also remember when we watched a video that had a singing sperm, and a singing egg. I thought it was the funniest thing that was taught in school and couldn’t keep myself from cracking up. But I understood what the video was talking about. I was a kid who, at a young age, was taught by my mother about sex because she got pregnant with me at such a young age she worried, and still does worry, about me following in her footsteps. So my mom had no problem when I came home from school that day and told her what I’d seen at school. Not everyone, though, is as cool with it as my mom was. I: Students who have Sex Education are more likely to have premarital sex. A. In the article Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate By Molly Masland, she introduces Tamara Kreinin who is the president of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. Tamara says, â€Å"Young people are going to learn about sex and our question has to be where do we want them to learn? From the media? From their friends? Or from a educated, responsible adult? † So what Tamara is saying is that younger kids are going to learn about sex regardless of whether or not we teach it in school, so we should teach them in an educational way instead of them learning from unreliable sources such as friends or the media. B. NPR, The Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Gov’t did a survey that showed that only 7 percent of Americans say that sex educations should not be taught in school. For me, that brought up the question, well if only 7 percent of Americans disagree with the teaching of it, why aren’t we teaching it in schools everywhere? C. Genevieve Wood, Vice President of Communicators at Family Research Council said, â€Å"What people really want is for their children to be taught an abstinence-centered education. By an almost 5 to 1 margin, parents approve or strongly approve of character-based, abstinence sex education. † What Wood is saying is that a staggering 5-1 ratio of parents approve of sex education. This also brought back my question, if it’s that one-sided, and it clearly seems to be a one-sided argument by this information, then why aren’t we teaching it everywhere? II. Some experts argue that sex education shouldn’t be taught in school. A. Robert Welch, the founder of The John Birch Society (an American radical-right wing political advocacy group that supports anti-communism, limited government, Americentrism and personal freedom) decided that sex education is a â€Å"filthy Communist plot. † B. According to the article Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate, A Florida mother named Jodi Hoffman sued the Broward County Public Schools, claiming that their sex education classes were too explicit. She believes that sex education should only be taught at home, never in schools, in order to teach children the values the parents want to instill in them. Also, she spoke of the religious aspect. The school’s program clashed with her family’s religious beliefs. Hoffman said waiting until marriage to have sex â€Å"is the way God intended it to be. That’s how it’s taught in the Bible and those rules were not written for no reason. † C. In the essay Sex Education Should Be Taught By Parents, Not Schools by Eric Badertscher and Denise Grier, they claim that â€Å"school programs are said to treat the concept of sex as purely biological, without taking into consideration its mental, spiritual, emotional and social aspects. † What they’re saying is that when sex education is taught in school, the school only teaches the science of sex. They don’t let students know there’s other aspects to sex besides science such as emotions and mental aspects. They don’t teach students how to deal with their feelings about it, and at home that would happen. Conclusion: Think back to when you were in elementary, middle, and high school. Were you taught a form of sex education at school? And if so, did your parents agree with it? Now, if you have kids or plan to have kids, which way will you prefer for them to learn about sex? I’m sure there’s divided opinions among us, so who’s to say which way is right?

Term papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Term papers - Essay Example Musical acculturation is mostly enabled by colonial or political domination along with the social unrest that follows. Musical acculturation has to do with that hybridization influence brought about by alien elements of music. This paper seeks to show the hybridizing influence of European musical elements on African American music. Despite the fact that West African music differed from one region to the other, all cultures within this region shared sufficient features that enabled them to constitute a heritage that was identifiable as African when they were trans-located to the New World (Jackson 25). From the accounts given by early traders and explorers, it has been deduced that music was a lifestyle of these West Africans. It was used to enhance rituals, worship, provide recreation, and as a means of communication. These cultures shared a characteristic feature in integrating music with dramatic elements and dance. When they were enslaved and stripped of their community and families, their rich stories, customs, traditions, and music remained with them and were passed the new generation. On arrival in the new world, they were designated as heathens and the clergymen of the time were compelled to convert the Africans to Christianity. This religious conversion acted as the first instance in which the Africans were exposed to European music with the singing of hymns and psalms (Jackson 25). They often gathered, on Sundays, to make music, sing, and dance. The first all the black worship churches were established in the 18th century with Reverend Allen Richard realizing the importance that music held for the people, publishing a hymnal for use by the Africans. These black churches provided the people with opportunities earlier denied to them, for instance the experimentation with religious music from set pieces to formal anthems and lowly spirituals

What is Politics Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

What is Politics - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that since time immemorial, politics has been a part of humanity from its the primeval conceptualization up to its modernized encapsulation. Politics existed even before the government, democracy, state and et al came to its realization. During the primordial state of man, chaos is everywhere due to the stiff competition for survival. Man lives in an inevitable partition against other individuals to secure territory, food, and property. Decentralization is the embodiment of man’s primitive status quo. The schematization of centralization and planning arise to curb the catastrophic nature of man and to reconstruct the operation of politics within man’s disorganized society. Innumerable treatises, social contracts, and laws were enacted to guarantee that man’s nature and society will actualize a perpetual order and peace. The discussion of centralization and planning was only given enough attention during the twentieth ce ntury to provide a nitty-gritty exposition of how politics should operate. Several stereotypes have been attached to the word politics. Most people think that politics is an embodiment of corruption and shenanigans among officials. And others usually associate this term with government, administration, bureaucracy, politicians and the likes. In order for us to achieve a definitive definition of politics, it is a necessity to utilize a systematic approach. The first task is to outline the historical encapsulation of politics starting from its origin and its primeval understanding.

The Resources And Capabilities Of Kodak Commerce Essay

The Resources And Capabilities Of Kodak Commerce Essay The Eastman Kodak company, otherwise known as Kodak, provides imaging products and services to the photographic markets. It was founded in 1881 by a man named George Eastman, who created the first dry plate formula which he then patented. Eastman believed that new products should be highly user friendly and should be targeted at reaching regular everyday people, making photography something everybody could do and enjoy. By 1884 Kodak had become a popular household name. George Eastmans early success was due to one of his first creations, the roll film, Eastman believed that this creation would be as convenient as the pencil. In 1888 George Eastman put the first simple camera into the hands of the world consumer with the slogan you press the button, we do the rest (Eastman, 1988). Eastman developed principles and values in order to make Kodak a success, these guiding principles and values are; low cost mass production, the importance of quality, international distribution and the belief that growth can only be achieved through continuous improvements in research and development. George Eastman also expressed Kodaks competitive philosophy as, Nothing is more important than the value of our name and the quality it stands for. We must make quality our fighting argument. (Eastman, 1988). By 1902, Eastman Kodak was producing 80 to 90 percent of the worlds Celluloid film. By the 1930s, the company operated dozens of huge, specially designed film-making machines at its Kodak Park plant. The Eastman Kodak company has continued to grow and change with technology, creating new products and processes to make photography simpler and more attractive. Today Kodak is known not only for photography but their images are used in commercial marketing across the world and the entertainment sector, enabling the use of technology, imagery and information to change how people and businesses communicate with each other. Capabilities. Organisations are not identical as they have different capabilities. If an organisation is to gain a competitive advantage, it will do so on the basis of capabilities that its rivals do not have, or have difficulty in obtaining. Strategic capability is the resources and competences of an organisation needed for it to survive and prosper. Kodak is a market leader but to become a market leader Kodak had to adapt and change with the world as new technology became increasingly superior. The biggest problem with an increase in technology was the digital age. Kodak was the market leader in pre-digital age imagery and photography which included film, photo paper and chemical development. The digital age brought the development and increase of technology to which Kodak could not compete. The Kodak Value Chain Pre-digital Age The diagram below demonstrates Kodaks strength in almost all areas of the traditional photography process. film camera video camera Image capture Processing Storage Printing Projection Retailer processing at retail stores reprints (Gavetti, 2005) To overcome this important stage in the companys life cycle Kodak had to refer back to the initial guiding principles and values George Eastman developed for the company which were low cost mass production, the importance of quality, international distribution and the belief that growth can only be achieved through continuous improvements in research and development. By using these principles and values as a guide to improve the company and push themselves into the digital age, the diagram below shows the changes that needed to be made in order for Kodak to successfully enter the new age digital market. The Kodak Value Chain Post-digital Age. At home: printers inkjet consumables, paper Online (paper) At retail stores Online (email, Internet) -digital camera Video camera Film camera Retrieval Image capture Digitalisation Storage Transmission Printing Digital Cameras software Scanner at home Kiosks at retailers Digital mini-labs Online services Hard disk Floppy disk / CD Removable storage (e.g. Memory stick) Manipulation CPU manipulation Projection *coloured box shows Kodak was only partly involved at this stage. (Gavetti, 2005) To gain a competitive advantage, organisations must reposition themselves in order to take advantage of a changing market, or in some cases hold on to their normal resource base. There are two different views, the Resource Based View (RBV), otherwise known as the inside out perspective and the Market Based View (MBV), otherwise known as the outside-in perspective. The resource based view of strategy is the competitive advantage and superior performance of an organisation which is explained by the distinctiveness of its capabilities. In 1959 Dr Edith Penrose developed the idea that firms compete on resources and not their market positioning which supports the resource based view. Another supporter of the resource based view were Prahalad and Hamel who in 1990 suggested that, resources that are valuable, rare or are in some form difficult to imitate form the core-competencies that enable an organisation to compete successfully. In 1985 Michael Porters Competitive Strategy journal suggested that firms should persistently take their environment as the starting point in order to determine an appropriate strategy, thus supporting the market based view. In 2003 Kodak decided they needed to apply the market based view as a strategy to finally revolutionize into the digital age. Kodak made many alterations and changes in order to successfully gain a share in the new market. Dynamic capabilities are an organisations abilities to renew and recreate its strategic capabilities to meet the needs of a changing environment. Dynamic capabilities may take the form major strategic moves such as acquisitions or alliances by which new skills are learned. In 2004 Kodak completed the acquisition of Scitex Digital Printing, and sold its remote sensing systems to ITT Industries. A strategic partnership was formed with Verizon Wireless. The Eastman Kodaks company also acquired voting rights in Chinon Industries, through its Japanese subsidiary. Kodak acquired the image sensor business from National Semiconductor, and also closed its plant in Australia. At the end of 2004 Kodak, Fuji Photo Film and Konica Minolta Photo Imaging formed a picture archiving Kodak and sharing standard group (to enable the preservation of digital photos and motion images on CDs, DVDs and other types of media). To address the development of the information age in cellular technology Kodak achieved an agreement with Cingular Wireless and Nokia to develop services for mobile phones with cameras. Resources. A resource is a person, asset, material or capital which can be used to accomplish a goal. Tangible resources are the physical assets of an organisation such as plant, labour and finance. Intangible resources are non-physical assets such as information, innovation and knowledge. To sustain a competitive advantage a firm must have unique resources. Kodak has many resources. When the company was founded George Eastman patented the creation of the dry plate formula, this asset was the beginning of the success of Eastman Kodak as a market leader. George Eastman was himself one of the main resources of the company; it was his ideas, innovations and creations that created the company and made it the success it is. He not only created the start of photography but he created a guide for the company, a set of principles and values for the company to follow to be successful. Kodaks company logo is a resource as Kodak was the first to integrate its name and look into a symbol with their red and yellow trade dress colour. Employees such as managers with valuable knowledge are an important resource especially managers that have been hired since the managerial re-structure who have up to date knowledge in the digital age. Of course all the other workers and employees (labour) are just as important to keep the company going, workers with the necessary skills and experience that run the company and plants in a successful and efficient manner. Kodak has a lot of equipment, some of which Kodak has had to change and has had to be updated since the change and increase in technology in the digital age. Finance is also a main resource as without it there are a lot of other resources you cannot have; finance affects the entire running of the business. Innovation is a key resource, not only was it important for the creation of the company but it is vital for the future of it. To a greater or lesser degree, innovations either enhance or destroy competencies that a firms already possesses (Utterback, pg183). An example of innovation by Kodak is the razor blade strategy that George Eastman applied at the beginning of the company. Kodak sold cameras at low prices in order to generate profit from the sales of films for the cameras. The digital age shook the Eastman Kodak company. Kodak was stuck in the past not unable but unwilling to change with the rest of the world as technology increased and advanced. Kodak had the ability to take control when the digital market emerged but chose not to because they believed nothing could be as pioneering or as popular and as the film. The beginning of the change into the digital age was in 1981, Sony launched the introduction of the first filmless digital camera called the Mavica. Films were becoming outdated and this was what Kodak needed to realise. Had Kodak taken control and made the change at the right time, Kodak would be in a completely different situation, however Kodak was too late to recognise the need for change and when they finally realised they needed to change in order to survive they were slow to react which in the end cost them the market leadership. Competencies. Competencies are the skills and abilities by which resources are deployed effectively through an organisations activities and processes. Core competencies are competencies used to achieve competitive advantage in ways that others cannot imitate or obtain. Competences are created as organisations combine humans and technology. If correlated together perfectly these competences will change over time as both knowledge and technology develops. Chandler worked and developed this theory further in both The Visible Hand (1977) and Scale and Scope (1990). The link between humans and technology can be seen within the Kodak company, for example, recently Kodak have made changes to their managerial structure which has enabled them to gain new managers with knowledge and experience in digital photography and Kodaks continuous networking strategy facilitates business opportunities with like-minded business people. An example of networking for Kodak is when George Eastman marketed the first commercial transparent roll film in 1889, the impact ranged beyond consumer and professional photography. For one thing, it enabled inventor Thomas Edison to develop the first motion picture camera in 1891, and by 1896 Kodak was marketing film specially coated f or motion picture use. Prahalad and Hamel (1990) said, Resources that are valuable, rare or are in some form difficult to imitate form the core-competencies that enable an organisation to compete successfully. The knowledge-based view creates a new competence to the organization which is the ability to create and share knowledge which gives the organization a competitive advantage. Grant believes that competencies are created from the incorporation of knowledge. However an important point has to be made, it does not matter how much valuable knowledge you have or how expensive your equipment is worth if you do not know how to use your resources efficiently. As a common rule, competency-enhancing innovations are just as likely to develop from established firms as from outsiders. Competency-destroying innovations, however, almost always come from outsiders. The necessity to develop new competencies in anticipation of future developments is an important factor of long-term business success and George Eastman seems to have recognised this requirement which is one of the reasons why Eastman is also recognised as a successful innovator. Conclusion. The Eastman Kodak company was described as, an example of repeat strategic failure it was unable to grasp the future of digital quickly enough, and even when it did so, it was implemented too slowly under a continuous change strategy and ultimately it did not fit coherently as a core competency'(Mendez,2005). It is amazing to think how Eastman became a global market leader instead of the Germans, as the Germans were the leaders in the science of optics, chemicals and design of cameras. However German products were usually expensive and produced in small numbers whereas George Eastman struck a desirable balance between cost and quality. For example, Eastman quickly replaced his original Kodak camera with his No. 1 model because the former shutter system was inherently costly to make. Eastman focused on his financial and HR on an international mass market and large-scale production. There are some similarities with Eastman Kodak and Henry Ford who incorporated the Ford Motor Company in 1903. A firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors. (Barney, 1992:102) When Thomas Edison asked Eastman to produce a special film for the newly invented motion picture camera, Eastman already had the competencies needed to develop it, he simply had to lengthen and strengthen his strips of film and add holes to connect the movie cameras sprocket. The importance in the development of new competencies in anticipation of future developments is a vital factor of long-term business success. All of George Eastmans early attempts at colour photography failed, and these failures encouraged him to establish RD in the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory. The idea of competency is essential to the survival of all firms as they encounter change. During the time it took for the transformation of the Eastman Kodak company to transform into the market leader it is, many other successful companies disappeared in a time of technological change. The capabilities, competencies and resources of a company are the key factors that give a company the competitive advantages to enable them to be successful and gain market share. This has been apparent throughout the research taken on the Eastman Kodak company. However even with these capabilities, competencies and resources, no matter if you are a market leader or a small company barely breaking-even, if you do not use these competitive advantages efficiently and do not recognise the need for change your company is going to suffer just as the Eastman Kodak company did. Word count: 2,281

Food Waste Essay

Food waste or food loss is food material that is discarded or unable to be used. Various political organizations and entities have their own definition of what constitutes food waste. The causes of wasted food are numerous, and occur at the stages of production, processing, and retailing. As of 2011, 1.3 billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, is lost or wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in the food supply chain. In low-income countries, most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about 100 kilograms (220 lb) per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage. Definitions of food waste vary, among other things, in what food waste consists of, how it is produced, and where or what it is discarded from or generated by. Definitions also vary because certain groups do not consider (or have traditionally not considered) food waste to be a waste material, due to its applications. Some defi nitions of what food waste consists of are based on other waste definitions (e.g. agricultural waste) and which materials do not meet their definitions. Here are some of the facts about the wastage of food: †¢If we planted trees on land currently used to grow unnecessary surplus and wasted food, this would offset a theoretical maximum of 100% of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion. †¢10% of rich countries’ greenhouse gas emissions come from growing food that is never eaten. †¢UK Households waste around 20% of all the food they buy – but the good news is that this suggests a 17% reduction since 2007. †¢Roughly one third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year — approximately 1.3 billion tonnes — gets lost or wasted. †¢Every year, consumers in rich countries waste almost as much food (222 million tonnes) as the entire net food production of sub-Saharan Africa (230 million tonnes). †¢The amount of food lost or wasted every year is equivalent to more than half of the world’s annual cereals crop (2.3 billion tonnes in 2009/2010). In developing and developed countries which operate either commercial or industrial agriculture, food waste can occur at most stages of the food industry and in significant amounts. In subsistence agriculture, the amounts of food waste are unknown, but are likely to be insignificant by comparison, due to the limited stages at which waste can occur, and given that food is grown for projected need as opposed to a global marketplace demand. Nevertheless, on-farm losses in storage in developing countries, particularly in African countries, can be high although the exact nature of such losses is much debated. Research into the food industry of the United States, whose food supply is the most diverse and abundant of any country in the world, found food waste occurring at the beginning of food production. From planting, crops can be subjected to pest infestations and severe weather, which cause losses before harvest. Since natural forces (e.g. temperature and precipitation) remain the prima ry drivers of crop growth, losses from these can be experienced by all forms of outdoor agriculture. The use of machinery in harvesting can cause waste, as harvesters may be unable to discern between ripe and immature crops, or collect only part of a crop. Economic factors, such as regulations and standards for quality and appearance, also cause food waste; farmers often harvest selectively, preferring to leave crops not to standard in the field (where they can be used as fertilizer or animal feed), since they would otherwise be discarded later. One way of dealing with food waste is to reduce its creation. This attitude has been promoted by campaigns from advisory and environmental groups, and by concentrated media attention on the subject. Consumers can reduce their food waste output at points-of-purchase and in their homes by adopting some simple measures; planning when shopping for food is important, and spontaneous purchases are shown as often the most wasteful. Proper knowledge of food storage reduces foods becoming inedible and thrown away. Through initiatives such as Cambio verde, farmers can provide surplus produce (produce they would otherwise discard due to too low prices/kg) to people that provide glass, and other waste.

A study of the psychology of belief with reference to the influence of Freud

For many people, religion has been a pillar of our society for as long as we can trace back. A psychologist however, would argue that religion developed from the day that the people of our society started questioning their existence. As Sigmund Freud, physiologist, doctor, psychologist and the father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century, we need to consider his analysis of religion when approaching this topic. However as some of Freud's theories were developed over a century ago is it really possible to apply them to our society today, especially as our society is so multicultural and faith still holds a key role within many people's lives? According to Sigmund Freud religion is an â€Å"illusion† we as a society or as individuals, conjure up for ourselves, for a number of key reasons. The first and most essential reason Freud claims we turn to religion is as a way of expressing psychological anguish from our childhood. The second is we turn to religion as a way of overcoming and preventing dangers from the natural world, in hoping to gain control â€Å"the necessity of defending oneself against the crushingly superior force of nature. † The third is that religion is used as a stress relief, stress that has developed from living in a suppressive society that condones the expression of sexual desire. A final key reason Freud developed is that we follow religion to prevent the feeling of helplessness we can get when we no longer have the protection of our parents or guardians: â€Å"And thus a store of ideas is created, born from man's need to make his helplessness tolerable and built up from the memories of the helplessness of his own childhood and the childhood of the human race† I shall address Freud's key idea to begin with: religion is a way of expressing psychological anguish. All of Freud's work is focused around the idea of our unconscious or our subconscious. Freud claimed that as children, any emotional torment we may suffer, instead of dealing with it directly at the time, we suppress it in our unconscious mind, only to channel it into another outlet later in life as an obsession or repulsion of any particular aspect of life. This is referred to as sublimation. One of the ways in which a person may choose to â€Å"channel† their negative experiences is through religion. This link was brought to Freud's attention as he began to notice similarities in his patients' obsessions in relation to the source of their compulsive behaviour as to that of a religious person and their faith. Both have a symbolic meaning to the follower and have a set ritual – failure to complete this ritual (however regular it may be) leads to guilty feelings of regret. Seeing this comparison Freud came to the conclusion that religion is another form of neurotic illness that stems from our unconscious. Freud then began to address the matter of what suppressed feelings from childhood actually were. It is through this thinking he developed the concept of the â€Å"Oedipus Complex â€Å". This suggests that as children, young boys hold loving feelings of a sexual nature for their mothers. Through this they develop feelings of envy and hatred for their fathers. Due to the society we live in the Oedipus complex has to be suppressed as it is not acceptable behaviour but the sexual urges, Freud claims, are still there. It is these urges that are pushed to our unconscious that later come out in obsession or infatuation with something – obviously in this case – religion. â€Å"Thus religion would be a universal obsessive neurosis of humankind. Just like the obsessive neurosis in children it springs from the Oedipus complex, the relationship with the Father† As mentioned before Freud made a direct link between psychological anguish and guilt and religion and guilt. Freud put forward a process that humans use to channel their guilt, particularly that of a sexual nature from the Oedipus/Electra complex. In an attempt to rid themselves of these feelings of guilt the person develops idols or Gods. By doing this they feel they can repent for their guilt by worship or sacrifice to these idols. Initially the idol may be a representation of the child's Father yet later on, in the same way the Father is rejected through Oedipus, the God is changed to an animal of a primal sort. The animal becomes sacred and inflicting harm upon the animal becomes a sin. Sacrifices are made to and worship becomes a ritual. This first stage of sublimation Freud labelled as animism. The second stage is, however, called religion. During this stage, the animal develops the status of a God and once again takes the form of the father figure thus completing the cycle from Oedipus to religion. As Freud said â€Å"I put forward a suggestion that mankind as a whole may have acquired its sense of guilt of its history, in connection with the Oedipus complex† Closely linked to this is the theory that religion is used as a â€Å"stress† relief, stress that is placed on us by the society we live in. The stress that is caused by the suppression of our natural urges as children. This stress forces us to channel our libido into other areas of thinking and working, areas in life that are more socially acceptable. As I explained previously it is common for this area to be religion and worship. Freud's second theory for religion is that we use religion as a way of protecting ourselves or overcoming fears from the natural world. The problem of evil and suffering and religion has long being a conflict for many philosophers and psychologists. It is through this conflict that â€Å"St. Augustine's Theodicy† was developed. St. Augustine based his arguments on the Bible and his theodicy suggests that God is perfect and created the world perfectly. Created things are susceptible to change and evil comes from angels and human beings that chose to turn away from God. Augustine concluded that God cannot be blamed for creating evil since evil is not a substance rather than a deprivation (a lack of good) and it is not logical to say God created that deprivation. Despite this theory and many others that have been presented to us since the problem of evil and suffering is what gives science a higher appeal than religion to many people living today but it is also, according to Freud why we invent religion in the first place. Religion offers us a â€Å"reward† for any suffering we may have inflicted upon us during our lifetime and adds meaning to life and its purpose. Otherwise we would be suffering unnecessarily and there would be no point to continue with life. Also through prayer and worship we feel we can control naturally occurring events that can cause us suffering such as death, illness, natural disasters etc. We do this in an attempt to abolish our fears of things we cannot control or change and hope to have some power over them through religion. Freud's next point is not dissimilar to the ideas of Karl Marx. Marxists would claim that religion is encouraged by the state to enforce order in society. Freud suggested a purpose for religion is that it is developed to give us a reason to obey authority. Regardless whether it is state authority or religious authority according to Freud people develop an attitude that â€Å"Everything in our world is an expression of the intentions of intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the best. We feel that if we disobey we shall not be rewarded, or worse punished for our crime or sin and we, by consequence, do not disobey. Freud came to the conclusion that religion must be overthrown for society to develop and progress. A final key reason Freud presents for humans fabricating religion is to prevent the feeling of helplessness we can get when we no longer have the protection of our parents or our guardians. This is simply that we develop â€Å"Gods† in order to protect ourselves, so we have someone to care for us and someone to look up to in the same way that we as children looked up to our parents. When Freud's theories were first published they were considered deeply controversial, interestingly though people took interest in what he said and took his psychoanalytical theory very seriously because at the time science was starting to make it's breakthrough and Freud's explanations were fresh and appealing to many. However whether theories that were developed over a century ago can still be relevant today is a different consideration. For Freud's work to still be relevant today, when science has developed further than psychology, which in comparison is considered the â€Å"soft science,† there would have to be some evidence to support the basics of Freud's theory. Freud based his â€Å"Oedipus Complex† on the ideas of Darwinism, a stage of life in prehistoric men when the family unit was the â€Å"primal horde†. It consisted of a mother a father and offspring. As the dominant male the father would scare off any male threat to the female. This continued until all the male offspring joined together and turned on the father and eventually killed him. The idea of religion stemming from guilt is not such a controversial one, particularly linking to sexual guilt and religion. Religious figures have often condemned sexual activity for the use of anything other than reproduction. Figures such as St. Augustine (who was greatly influenced by Plato) viewed sex and sexual desire as â€Å"having been implanted by the Devil at the time of the fall† as Peter Vardy explains Augustine claimed that it was best to avoid all sexual activity even within wedlock. If the situation should occur when sex was needed for reproduction then the man â€Å"should descend to his task with a certain regret. † Peter Vardy also outlines the common Catholic teaching which even today, in what we like to consider a sexually liberated society is still very traditional in it's approach, namely: – – Masturbation is sinful since this means using genitalia for a purpose for which they are not intended – Sex can never have pleasure or the expression of love as its main object since, again, this means using genitalia for a purpose for which they were not intended Homosexuality, if it is practised, is deeply sinful as this means using genitalia for a purpose for which they were not intended since procreation cannot result and it is â€Å"against nature† So considering people are still raised to believe sex for any other reason other than reproduction is sinful, it is easy to see why sexual feelings may lead to feelings of guilt. Particularly as sexual feelings are present throughout all stages of childhood that Freud identifies in the following ways: from birth to the age of eighteen months the child goes through what Freud named the â€Å"Oral Stage. This is to say all gratification of learning is gained through the mouth (feeding, chewing, sucking fingers etc. ) From eighteen months to three years the child progresses into the â€Å"Anal Stage† this normally happens when the child goes through potty training and often as a result develops fascination in anus and faeces. The period of time between three and six years of age was coined as the â€Å"Phallic Stage† and it's during this stage that the child develops features of the Oedipus complex (if male) or the Electra complex (if female). After the initial rush of feelings from the phallic stage have passed the child falls into the â€Å"Latent Stage† during which Freud claims there is no sexual development but this could be due to a suppression of the sexual feelings from the â€Å"Phallic stage. † The final stage of childhood according to Freud is the â€Å"Genital Stage† and depending on how the child's feelings from their younger years were dealt with, this is the time when sexual desire develops and is explored deeper. So if a child is raised to deny themselves the sexual feelings their body releases then they may begin to feel sinful or guilty for having these feelings in the first place. Therefore for Freud to find a link between sex, guilt and religion is not entirely controversial. This all acts as evidence towards Freud's theories and the relevance they hold in our society today. However, that said, there is plenty of reason why Freud's theories are not at all relevant to us in such a developed society. Freud has been criticised for focusing on the link between a father figure and a â€Å"God† in religions such as Judaism and, of course, Christianity. He fails to address eastern cultures and religions, which are based on worship of female idols or Goddesses,† such as the Egyptian Isis cult and Buddhism who have no one single object of worship. One of Freud's major critics, Bronislaw Malinowski, who went on to write a book called â€Å"Sex and Repression† disputed Freud's theory that religion develops from sexual guilt caused from the Oedipus complex. He points out for Oedipus to be a complex it needs to be universal. You cannot apply a complex such as Oedipus to matriarchal tribes in which the male is not dominant and takes the role of a nurse. Malinowski also brings to our attention the lack of evidence for â€Å"Oedipus† within the animal kingdom, as Darwinism only applies to early mankind. Also there is less evidence of â€Å"Oedipus† leading to religion in our society today as it is becoming increasingly secular and fewer people are turning to religion. This could suggest that the Oedipus complex does not occur, or if it does it does not have a link to religion. It is more likely, however, that all children still do go through the Oedipus complex but as our society is more sexually liberated people are allowed to express sexual desire in other ways rather than it becoming sublimated and channelled into religion. Another key criticism of the â€Å"Oedipus Complex† is the suggestion that religion is a cause of the complex rather than a result of it. If it was not for religion then, it is possible, these sexual urges would not have been suppressed at an early stage and a complex would not begin to develop. It could be just a possible that a child was made to feel guilty about the loving feelings towards his Mother and as a consequence developed a complex (Oedipus. ) Rather than the â€Å"Oedipus Complex† leading to religion. Another more general criticism is that even if religion is a cause or result of guilt, or fear it still works as a â€Å"Buffer† between the soul and reality. It is essential to society, as, music, art or literature as it is an expression of self and belief. Therefore it is not sound to suggest, as Freud did that religion must be overthrown. † Donald Winnicott essentially presented this criticism of Freud's work but is the popular feeling of many today. Psychology self – help book â€Å"Love is the Answer† presents the argument that some none – religious responses to misfortune of frustration e. g. Cynicism has actually been shown to be bad for physical health. So a â€Å"religious† view (of forgiving and repenting) might actually be health giving to us, and to dismiss it from our society would be to dismiss this positive outlook on life. So Freud's theory may have been apt for his society, a society built on religious structure, and some of his points may appear to justify the behaviour of people today. But I feel that in the twenty-first century when we are all encouraged to express our beliefs, ideas, sexuality and â€Å"bare our souls†, a theory based on suppression (even if it is unconscious) seems radical. I think religion itself has become more liberal and has resulted in many â€Å"branches† of Christianity all with a different strand of tradition. Some â€Å"branches† base their morals on the word of the Bible where as others feel that we have to â€Å"update† the word of God and adapt it to how we live today. To apply a theory from a century ago is to digress, in the same way technology has evolved, and our knowledge of our universe and surroundings have developed, we have to advance spiritually. We have to question what we already know, even if this means abandoning Freud's theories and all its implications.